Personal Philosophy My Educational Philosophy - 1452 Words

When I first set out to write my educational philosophy, I had absolutely no idea what to write about, to be perfectly honest. So, I thought that I would start with the most essential aspect of an educational philosophy: why do I want to become a teacher? The reason why I want to teach is because I want to be able to impact young people’s lives and help them to learn how to become successful citizens in our world. I feel that it is important that no matter what students do with their lives, they are given a firm structure of practical life skills, so that they are set-up to be as successful and productive as possible. I strive to be able to help students learn how to become consumers who make responsible choices. This involves teaching the students how to build heathy relationships, make wise food choices, manage their money, and more. I feel that the purpose of education is to help students become as well-prepared as possible for what the real world is like, as well as assist ing them to discover what career path they want to pursue so that they can achieve their personal goals. My role as an educator is to help students to develop crucial life skills and guide them to make choices that will benefit them in the future. I do not have a preference of what type of students I want to teach, nor what type of school settings: urban, suburban or rural; affluent schools as well as low-income schools. I would really like to teach middle school students, because they are at a timeShow MoreRelatedMy Philosophy And Philosophy Of Personal Educational Philosophy1042 Words   |  5 PagesIt is true that many educators do not know what their educational philosophy is. However it is imperative for educators and future educators to know their personal educational philosophies so that they can be accountable, explain how they teach, what they are doing and why. My personal Educational philosophy is made up of four components; metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and logic. My educational Philosophy Metaphysics (reality) is a combination of realism and idealism, that the mind, spiritRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy : My Educational Philosophy1747 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract My educational philosophy can be summarized in one word â€Å"family†. Every thing can begin and end with the family. This paper examines my personal belief that a student has higher success rate in life when they have a supportive, loving family environment. The primary roles of a mother and father in today’s society are drastically lacking. These particular reasons vary from absentee fathers, overworked single mom, and/or grandparents having to assume the role of parents again. My theory startingRead MoreMy Personal Educational Philosophy Essay866 Words   |  4 Pages Educational Philosophy Essay My personal educational philosophy is a combination of perennialism and essentialism, which leaves me uniquely well-armed to teach my subject of choice: History. History, viewed as a whole, is a monument to the achievements of Man. It is unchanging, though new aspects may be found or brought to light, and it can be viewed from many angles, it is an unchanging truth that what happened, has indeed happened. Through a thorough and guided exploration of this subject, studentsRead MoreMy Educational Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Education1023 Words   |  5 Pages My personal philosophy of education was thought of when I was little before I really acknowledged it or knew exactly what it was. My ideas of school has been collecting for years, ever since kindergarten. Ive always thought of school as something that is important. I went to school everyday and did my work and moved on to the next thing I needed to do. I did what I was suppose to, not because I enjoyed it but because I knew I had to. School has always been kinda boring and uninterestingRead MoreEssay about Personal Educational Philosophy1069 Words   |  5 Pagespaper is my personal educational philosophy statement. It represents my ideas and values about teaching and learning; it reveals my personal teaching beliefs and their relation to the five major established educational philosophies; it shows my role and responsibilities in educational process. I place great significance on personal style of instruction and its influence on curriculum implementation. The paper also highlig hts my career aspiration and orientation. Personal EducationalRead MoreThe Educational Philosophy Of Adult Education803 Words   |  4 PagesJonathan Taylor The focus of this assignment was to view the educational philosophy concerning adult learning. Background histories of the adult’s education ages ago were briefly gleaned. Other topics viewed were on the adult educational philosophy, the five educational philosophical approaches, the personal adult educational philosophy, the adult learner, developing my own adult educational philosophy, and lastly on how changes is an educational practice. However, learning does take place throughout theRead MoreEducational Philosophy Reflection1539 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience to my students. Early in the education program, Bud Stefanski posed us the question about our educational philosophy in the Foundations of Education class. When answering that question, I was 100% progressivism in my education philosophy students should only learn through hands-on experiences and not be forced to sit at a desk and absorb information (Mirah, 2013). After gaining actual classroom experience and l earning more about the influencers of curriculum, my educational philosophy has shiftedRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1476 Words   |  6 PagesPhD Personal Philosophy of Education Submitted by: Wessam Elamawy . Personal Philosophy of Education Introduction: From the very beginning of my life I recognized the importance of higher education. I am 34 years old. I am Egyptian. I was born in a highly educated family . My father earned a Ph.D. in chemistry. My uncle earned a Ph.D. in Engineering . My aunt is a doctor. My grandparents were highly educated and they were great leaders in the educational field. This shaped my personalityRead More My Philosophy of Education: Combining Progressivism, Essentialism and Behaviorism826 Words   |  4 PagesMy Philosophy of Education: Combining Progressivism, Essentialism and Behaviorism Upon being faced with the task of writing my philosophy of teaching, I made many attempts to narrow the basis for my philosophy down to one or two simple ideas. However, I quickly came to the realization that my personal teaching philosophy stems from many other ideas, philosophies, and personal experiences. I then concentrated my efforts on finding the strongest points of my personal beliefs aboutRead More Educational Philosophies Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesEducational Philosophies Many different ideas of the correct educational philosophy exist. Highly acclaimed psychologists and educators developed these varying philosophies. Each of these philosophies have their strengths and weaknesses and have their positives and negatives in different situations. It is our job as educators to sift through this list of philosophies to find our own style and philosophy. We must research the pros and cons of each philosophy and pick and choose which sections

Demographic Information Of Client Jennifer - 1450 Words

Demographic Information of Client Jennifer is a 34-year-old Caucasian female. She currently lives in Terre Haute, Indiana with her Hispanic boyfriend. Currently unemployed, Jennifer is considered to be in the lower middle class and does not receive food stamps or TANF services. She was born in Paris, Illinois in August of 1981. Her parents still live in the house she grew up in and her younger brother frequently visits both his parents and Jennifer’s home. The client’s approximate weight is 220 pounds and her approximate height is five feet, six inches. Jennifer reported earning her GED degree and has no plans to earn a higher education degree. The client reports that she is a â€Å"Christian woman† and practices as a â€Å"Catholic†. The client reaffirmed her religious ways stating â€Å"I believe in God, Heaven and Hell.† When asked about her sexual orientation, the client described herself as a heterosexual woman and stated â€Å"I prefer Hispan ic men†. The client appeared to not have any problems with her primary language, English, and she can also speak Spanish fluently. Jennifer reported that she had â€Å"a clear idea of my culture† and, along with her partner, could practice Catholic and Hispanic rituals consistent with their cultural affiliations. The client showed no evidence of problems of cultural stress living in Terre Haute, Indiana besides a client perceived idea of â€Å"racism†. Presenting Concern Jennifer was self-referred to Hamilton Center and suffers from Borderline PersonalityShow MoreRelatedMental Illness And Its Effects On Society985 Words   |  4 Pages Comprehensive Case Study Vanessa Brown University of South Carolina SOWK 760 Professor Jennifer Butler 11/20/16 Introduction In the United States, there are many people who suffer from a mental illness. Mental illness is described as causing disruptions in one’s emotional state, thought processes, and behaviors. When analyzing this this concept, one can see that mental illness is a blanket term that encompasses a wide array of mental disorders that range from mild or to severe. No oneRead MoreAdvertising1630 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Portfolio Aveeno Daily Moisturising Lotion | | | | | Contents 1. Introduction 5 2. Client Background 6 2.2 Product Offering 6 2.3 Direct and Indirect Competition 6 2.4 Positioning Against Competition 7 2.5 Unique Selling Proposition 7 2.6 Target Audience 7 Conclusion 9 References 10 Appendix 12 1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to identify the direct and indirect competition of Aveeno’s Daily Moisturising Lotion, the positioningRead MoreMy Senior Year Field Placement1405 Words   |  6 Pagesthe outpatient program I am working with the Director of Clinical Operations, Ellen Chung. I also work with Jennifer Torrey who is the Clinical Coordinator for Elwyn’s Media location’s Outpatient program. I also work one on one with the Outpatient Case Manager, Shaneen Brown. I am also working in the Therapeutic After School Program (TASP). At the TASP I work with the Case Manager Jennifer Ziegler and the Clinical Case Manager Denise Georganas. The outpatient therapy team at Elwyn is a multidisciplinaryRead MoreThe Impact of Workforce Diversity Essay663 Words   |  3 Pagesand plentiful. Culturally, people vary in gender, age, ethnicity, race sexual orientation, educational background, religion, lifestyle, as well as veteran and/or immigrant status. Functionally, p eople vary in the ways we think, learn, process information, respond to authority, show respect and reach agreements (Pollar Gonzalez, 2011.) Obviously, people differ in numerous ways, so what does that mean for businesses? Well, when work groups are comprised of people with different backgroundsRead MoreThe Rainbow Community Center Of Contra Costa County1861 Words   |  8 PagesCosta County (RCC), as well as the current measures it uses for evaluating the services they provide. The program will be described with an emphasis on the counseling and case management programs, which currently do not have a method of gaining the clients’ perspective of how well a counseling or case management session went. A needs assessment for the Counseling and Case Management Programs will be provided along with suggested improvements and an improved evaluation tool suggestion. Description ofRead MoreEssay on Concept Development and The Apple iPhone2241 Words   |  9 Pagesthe best way to market a product, in this case the iPhone, one needs to know the needs of the different customers that you are targeting. These have to be the primary as well as the secondary needs so that one can rely on them to convince potential clients that their products are the best choice there is in the market. The iPhone has to have more innovative features than the common phone known like ability to call and send and receive text messages. To this end, it has 3G ability making it a fast internetRead MoreSteps to improve marketing intelligence in companies1767 Words   |  8 Pageseveryday information about developments in the marketing environment. A marketing intelligence system also facilitates accurate and confident decision making in determining market opportunity, market penetration strategy and market development metrics. Hans Heldin (2010) noted that data must be integrated into the market intelligence systems through proper intelligence for corporate decision-making. In an article by Thomas Winninger (2006) he stated that the key is to gather quality information, theRead MoreA Brief Note On M Northwest Assistance Ministries, A Non Profit, Community Based, Integrated Program Social Service Agency1719 Words   |  7 PagesTrustee along with the Executive Team; Chair: Danny J. Rea ; Vice Chair: Michael D. Watford; Treasurer: William â€Å"Bill† Sessions, Jr.; Secretary: Jim Fryfogle; Regina Boutte, Scott Chenoweth, Bill Ginder, Carole Little, Sue Ortenstone, Judy Rimato, Jennifer Stewart, C.C. Sutphen, Lauren Temple, Mark H. Young. Non-Voting Members are as followed: Clare T. Lee, Denese Hammon Chief Financial Officer, Northwest Assistance Ministries; President CEO of NAM Carole Little; Vice President of Program ServicesRead MoreA Study of the Swimwear Industry in North America5053 Words   |  21 PagesIntroduction Every organization will benefit from even the most elementary market research. The information will provide new information, and will confirm what is known. Find out what the customers want and then give it to them For most women, finding the perfect swimsuit is anything but glamorous. Selecting one for your figure-type and individual style requires personal attention. At Jenal Swimwear, this is our mission.. The population of Sydney as of June 2004 was 146,297. AccordingRead MoreThe Theory Old Age Is The Last Stage Of Human Development2290 Words   |  10 Pages familiar, and community integration of older adults, and to improve the quality of their social life and human development. Definition of Social Problem The changes that society has undergone in recent decades have had a great impact on the demographic composition of our society. Health and technological advances have increased life expectancy and people’s health. This has caused a decreased in mortality rate of the population and the number of births. Currently the majority of the world population

Report Deals With the Several Ethical Dilemmas Such As Unexpected

Question: Discuss About the Interpretation and Analysis of the Ethical Dilemma? Answer: Introduction As stated by the Bench-Capon Dunne, (2007), artificial intelligence is the ability of a machine to reproduce intelligence human behavior. In recent self driving cars are speedily evolving technologies that is only some time ago was motionless considered science friction. In such a dynamic manner, quick intuitions can be change misconceptions and misleading regarding the technology and its influence as well as the nature of the technology innovation procedures abound. This present report is focused on the ethical dilemma associated with the artificial intelligence and how it responses as per the typical situations. The report also provided the recommendation regarding the ethical dilemmas. Analysis Interpretation and analysis of the ethical dilemma Self driving cars struggle when they suffered with the unpredictable situations or variable environment. Car that achieves update, maps and other information from the cloud will also be issues to hacking. As in the given scenario it has been seen that john is accountable towards the customers and has to make sure that their wellbeing and health safety is considered. Therefore in order to make sure better safety and security procedures john want that the company should have to test and modeling car. As stated by the Nilsson, (2014) ethical dilemmas are unexpected encounters, sensing the soundings, cyber security are the issues associated with the self driving car or artificial intelligence. In addition to this, self driving car not be able to determine the quick decision or handle unexpected scenario. Implementation of the technology in car crates problem for both customers as well as AI consultant i.e. John. In technology ear, self driving car technology is more demandable due to its attractive features, so that most of the automobiles organization now working in this technology to achieve higher benefits (Cohen Feigenbaum, 2014). Introduction of the AI technology in Car have positive as well as negative impact on both customers as well as John. For example a self driving car works on the images and picture so that if for some reason the images not recognized the object then it creates cause for the person. In addition to this, the algorithm that has been implemented in AI required updated regularly for better performance. The most vital issues that the customers encountered are about decision making procedures i.e. AI use random generated number to make decision in critical situation. As in the case of human decision making procedures self driving car may perform differently whe n face same condition in different situations. AI is programmed in such a manner that does something benefits but it develops a destructive manner for accomplishing its objective. Such as in intelligence car or self driving car to take person airport as fast as possible then it might work as helicopters and tries to achieve those (Forsyth Ponce, 2003) Thus in such situation it not only hamper the individuals but also create problems for others Use of ethical modals and approaches Principle and procedure are consistently implemented when it is incorporated in the equal manner to similar being in similar circumstance. Ethical theories and models in AI are deontological theories, teleological theories, and relative theory, ethic decision making theories etc. So that the main reponsiblteis of the programmer to implements these theories in algorithm in such a manner that the self drive car perform effectively in critical situations. Thus in such scenario the main roles and responsible is of the AI consultant is to test the car in all critical situations (Nilsson, 2014). As per the given scenario it has been seen that the company promotes the car in market with not testing and modeling the self driving car. Therefore in such manner the reponsiblteis associated with the AI consultant is to not provide clear sign without testing the car because it not only hamper the company brand name but also hamper the individuals lives. Therefore in such a manner that the consult ant of AI needs to make sure that the all model and application are effectively work and implemented in the AI algorithm. Moreover, AI consultant needs to make sure that the self driving car not harm anyone and perform efffecvely and correctly in critical situations. With the help of use of the model and approaches of the ethics John achieve better or high client satisfaction. Application of ACS code ACS establishes code of ethics such as enhancement of the quality of life, competence, honesty, professionalism, professional development and honesty. The main roles and reponsiblteis of the ACS are to achieve better quality of services and products. So that, the oratgnizaiton who deals with the AI technology, must have to implement ACS rules and regulation in its organization. If the company is not being able to fulfill the rules and regulation established by the ACS then they may be punished by the government (ACS, 2015). Application of the Australia computer society code necessitated the human resources of the organization to respect the intangible properties of others. The main purpose of the code is to focus on conserving the reliable, security and use of the ICT resources. ACS code helps to look after the involvement and prohibits miscounts in surrounding of information communication technology. Australia computer society code helps the organization to achieve better quality of produces and goods. Therefore form the analysis and findings it has been said that automobile organization must need to incorporate all rule and regulation in self driving car technogly. Use of this code of ethics helps both clients to gain higher quality of products as well as helps the organization to accomplish higher clients satisfaction in vital and effective manner. Implmentiaon of the AI technology helps the organization to determine risks and make sure higher quality of assurance in vital and successful manner. Therefore in such manner the organization needs to deliver its products and services in market after completion of the testing procedures. Therefore from the discussion it has been said that organization gain better clients satisfaction and profits after implementation of ASC code of ethics in its workplace. Analysis beyond the particular subtasks As per the analysis and evaluation of the study it has been said that AI consultant i.e. john cannot be held accountability for passing the self driving car because without testing and moldering car hampered individuals live in effective manner. John said that IT manager as well as CEO of the company regarding the issues that the company need not launch the car before testing and modeling the products. The findings also show that organization not effectively implemented ACS code of ethics. So that in such situation it has been recommended that john need to make effective action of car AI system. Proposed resolution of the dilemma From the findings and evaluation it has been recommended that organization needs to incorporate ASC code of ethics in its workplace. Use of this procedure not only helps the campy to produce quality of product but also helps the organization to achieve high profits and revenues from the market. In addition to this, it has been proposed that before launch the car products or any AI products organization must have to check or implement the testing procedures. The testing procedure makes sure that product is ready to use. Conclusion From the above findings and discussion it has been said that AI has positive as well as negative impact on human. The above findings indicate that if an organization incorporates all ASC rules and regulation in vital manner then they gain better performance and achieve high satisfaction. Thus the findings show that use of the ACS code in AI is quite effective as it helps the customers to achieve its objective in easy and successful manner. References Bench-Capon, T. J., Dunne, P. E. (2007). Argumentation in artificial intelligence.Artificial intelligence,171(10-15), 619-641. ACS Code of Professional Conduct Professional Standards Board Australian Computer Society.(2015)(1sted.).Retrievedfrom Nilsson, N. J. (2014).Principles of artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann. Cohen, P. R., Feigenbaum, E. A. (Eds.). (2014).The handbook of artificial intelligence(Vol. 3). Butterworth-Heinemann. Forsyth, D. A., Ponce, J. (2003). A modern approach.Computer vision: a modern approach, 88-101. Jones, M. T. (2015).Artificial Intelligence: A Systems Approach: A Systems Approach. Jones Bartlett Learning

International Development of China

Thesis statement: Most problems associated with the third world are attributed to colonialism. Some however blame the historical events. This paper analyzes developmental aspects of china in pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial and contemporary epoch.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on International Development of China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Source: Lonely planet Pre-colonial China (1700-1919) The Qing Empire governed China before foreigners interfered with its sovereignty in the 19th century. The influence of the traditional monarch led by Xian Feng faded so fast after the British started to export opium to the state. Opium was used by Chinese as sedative hence its higher demand. The Qing Empire opposed the move by proscribing the use of opium in the state. The British fought back by forcing Chinese to enter into an accord referred to as Treaty of Nanking. Subsequently, the USA, France, Russia and Japan entered into a number of unbalanced accords with the Qing regime. China therefore became a feudal and majestic state (Murray and Crawfurd 102). During Tong Zhi and Xu Guang regime, China developed a hostile foreign policy since the management of state affairs was under custodianship (Fung 17). The two boys could not rule because they were too young. Their mother was appointed to take care of state affairs on behave of the boys. The mother ruled without consultation making the Chinese foreign policy to be hawkish. It is at this time that foreigners intensified their interests and at times conquered the empire. Qing Empire started losing control shortly after the Cixi (mother) assumed state powers (Ankerl 56).Advertising Looking for case study on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Qing empire could not survive any more first because of the injustices it had done to people and secondly due to external pressures. The mo narch had been accused of bribery and misallocation of public funds. Pressure had mounted locally since various groups and factions attacked the empire demanding for resignation of top officials and appointment of sound leaders. A number of insurgency groups emerged for instance the Taiping uprising and the Jun Nian revolution. Simultaneously, executive committee members such as Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang attempted to salvage the empire by designing policies aimed at releasing public tension. In spite of their attempts to implement change, they could not stop Japan’s conquest of China. Advisors to the monarchy were also concerned about the system of administration because the empire decided to use the military in managing state affairs (Blecher 59). The counselors to the monarch requested the emperor to stop using force and institute a legal system that would respond to the wishes of the majority. Indeed, the emperor heeded to their call and accepted to form an egalitarian society. This change lasted just for 103 days because the state was taken over by the foreign powers. At this era, nationalism reached its spasm and many unsung champions surrendered their lives to the struggle against foreign penetration. The state was traumatized because many people lost their lives and the loved ones. In 1911, the Sun Zhongshan’s Xin Hai insurgency terminated the longest feudal culture in China. Emperor Pu Yi was requested to resign after the war and that served as a turning point to the Chinese political system. Colonial China (Late 1800s-1930) Many foreign powers were interested in annexing Chinese land because of its productivity and endowment in natural resources. All major powers such as French, British, Japanese and Americans developed interest. The world powers considered China to be with great potential for doing business. In 1840, the British kingdom launched the deadliest attacks in China with an aim of capturing the modern day Hong Kong. After some years, Hong Kong was changed from stony undeveloped hilly region to a major route of trade. Through the opium conflict and a series of agreements, the British were capable of legally taking over the region until 1997 (Abramson 87). The British signed a contract with mainland China, which them permission to retain the colony and do business for quite some years.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on International Development of China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The British encountered several problems while in Hong Kong mainly because of extreme variations between Eastern and Western beliefs and customs. Hong Kong was one of the earliest central Asian regions to develop and industrialize. The region benefited from foreigners because the foreign powers developed it as if it was their land. In the 18th century, the British kingdom was firmly established in business and invasion around the globe intensified . China was the major provider of tea to British, who were locally using 30 million pounds of Chinese tea by 1830. From the British financial perspective, Chinese tea was an essential product because it offered gigantic capital to the taipans (outsiders such as British colonists and businesspersons in China). Taxation of tea contributed 10% of the total government income (Laufer 54). The British ambassadors never wanted to support the royal leader of China since they considered him a religious boss (Benn 70). Many Britons perceived Chinese majesty as a divine body and would relatively treat it as an equal partner in development. On the other hand, members of the Qing Empire and judges viewed the British emissaries as uncultured outsiders stringently in China for tea, silk and other Far East merchandise. Conversely, Chinese societal structure based on Confucian values ranked traders comparatively low (less than farmers did and over slaves) because they were regarded as people who sim ply aimed at acquiring property (Feuerwerker 39). The British supplied cheap goods to Chinese financial system such as clocks watches and musical boxes. The Chinese paid heavenly for such goods since they supplied tea in return. Such cheap goods were not sufficient to pay off for the trade inequity. Ankerl observes that the activities of the state during colonialism were full of, propaganda, fear, gossip, uprisings, rebellions and immigration or displacement of persons.Advertising Looking for case study on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The role of Hong Kong as a political safe place for Chinese political immigrants further strengthened its position and few major efforts to relapse its ownership were initiated in the early 20th century (Blecher 79). Both Chinese Marxists and separatist activists found safe haven in the region when they did not dynamically participate in the chaos in China (Ankerl 41). Struggle for Independence (1925-1928) After Sun’s demise in March 1925, Chiang Kai-shek happened to be the boss of the KMT. In 1926, Chiang guided the Northern Expedition through China with the aim of crushing the terrorists and unifying China. Chiang got the assistance of the Soviet Union though he shortly fired his Soviet counselors (Abramson 111). He was sure that the USSR wanted to chuck out the separatists and capture the powers of the region. Chiang chose to hit first and eliminated the socialists, murdering thousands of them. Simultaneously, other brutal inconsistencies were happening in China. In the So uth, where the Leninists were in greater numbers, separatist followers were being annihilated. These actions finally caused Chinese Civil warfare. Chiang Kai-shek pressed the socialists into the center as he wanted to obliterate them and institute an administration with Nanking as its headquarters in 1927 (MacFarquhar 7). By 1928, Chiang’s military seized the Beiyang regime and united the whole country at least technically. Basing on the Sun Yat-sen’s premise, the KMT was to reconstruct China in three stages. A stage of martial rule would be the first where the KMT would capture authority and unite China by force. The second stage pertained to political protection and lastly a constitutional self-governing stage would follow. In 1930, the nationalists embarked on serious implementation of the second agenda (Woodward 112). They publicized an interim constitution for political sponsorship and initiated the alleged protection phase. They were condemned for setting up desp otism but alleged they were trying to institute a contemporary egalitarian society (Feis 67). Among others, they formed the university, the Central reservoir and other organizations. Nation Development The Republic of China was under military rule from 1948 to 1987 and much of the constitution was never applied. Political change started in the late 1970s and went on until 1990s. The reforms opened up the ROC society converting it from a dictatorial tyrannical state into a multiparty classlessness society (Fairbank 98). After abolition of military rule, the Republic of China democratized and transformed fully. In 2000, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) assumed the ROC administration. This ended the ROC’s authoritarian rule under the KMT. In May 2005, a legislative body was formed. It decreased the number of senate seats and realized a number of reforms. These changes have been approved since the legislature has chosen to eliminate itself and relocate the power of constitu tional restructuring to the citizens (Teiwes and Warren 11). Source: The economist, world human development Current Issues The leading political subject in the ROC is its rapport with the PRC. For about 60 years, there were no straight transportation relations as well as direct air travels between Taiwan and mainland China. This was a setback for many Taiwanese who had plants or other businesses in mainland China. The DPP regime feared that such relations would cause rigid monetary and political unity in mainland China. In 2006, Chen Shui-bian requested for controlled opening of relations (Korotayev 17). Other important political topics consist of the approval of weapons procurement bill endorsed by the United States 2001. In 2008, the United States was unwilling to convey more weapons to Taiwan fearing that it would obstruct the current relations between the two states. Another major political issue is the formation of a National Communications Commission to inherit the defunct Go vernment Information Office (Wilkinson 17). Source: The economist, world human development The political leaders as well as their parties are currently the sources of conflicts. Bribery and misallocation of public funds among some DPP executives has been witnessed. In early 2006, Chen Shui-bian was associated with dishonesty. The political outcome on President Chen Shui-bian was enormous leading to split in the DPP management. It finally precipitated the formation of a political wing guided by ex-DPP Principal Shih Ming-the. The immense wealth possessed by KMT is another main concern, as it was formerly the wealthiest political party in the earth. The grant corruption in government has affected the image of China in the international system (Terrill 8). Chinese have been labeled as fraudulent because their president was accused of money laundering. Works Cited Abramson, Marc. Ethnic Identity in Tang China. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. Ankerl, George. Co-exi sting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU press, 2000. Fairbank, John. China: a new history. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992. Feis, Herbert. The China Tangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953. Feuerwerker, Albert. The Chinese Economy, 1912–1949. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1968. Fung, Edmund. In search of Chinese democracy: civil opposition in Nationalist China, 1929–1949. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Korotayev, Malkov. â€Å"Historical Population Dynamics in China†. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends, 2006. Laufer, Berthold. 1912 JADE: A Study in Chinese Archaeology Religion. New York: Dover Publications, 1974. MacFarquhar, Roderick. The origins of the Cultural Revolution. London: Oxford University Press, 1974. Murray, Hugh and Cr awfurd, John. An historical and descriptive account of China. Edinburgh London: Oliver Boyd, 1836. Teiwes, Frederick and Warren, Sun. ‘China’s road to disaster: Mao, central politicians, and provincial leaders in the unfolding of the great leap forward, 1955-1959’. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 1999. Terrill, Ross. 800,000,000: the real China. Boston: Little Brown, 1972. Wilkinson, Endymion. Chinese history: a manual. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University, 2000. Woodward, Thomas. â€Å"The Taiwanese hyperinflation and stabilization of 1945–1952†. Journal of Money, Credit Banking, 1989. Blecher, Marc. â€Å"Hegemony and the Workers’ Politics in China†. The China Quarterly, 2002. Benn, Charles. China’s Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Economist. â€Å"Human Development Index, developing humans†, the Economist online, 2010. Lonely planet. â€Å"Map of Hong Kong†, availab le at https://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/asia/china/hong-kong/ This case study on International Development of China was written and submitted by user Howard Saint to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Homeschooling is Advantageous

Homeschooling is Advantageous Free Online Research Papers Homeschooling is advantageous to kids learning experience. Many kids/teens who go to public school have to wake up early and get to school. They dont have a lot of time to learn the information. They have a short lunch break. At the end of the day, the usually get sent home with some type of homework. On top of this, the teachers dont have time to get to know the kids/teens very well. Sure they know the kids names, but they really dont get to know the kid through and through. These are a few of the many issues I have found about public school. Sure public school has its advantages, but homeschooling has far more. For a good overview of many advantages to homeschool see Reasons to homeschool. Many things a kid/teen has to go through doesnt happen in a homeschool environment. For teens, no getting locked in a locker or getting you head dunked in a toilet. For parents, no influence of drugs or gangs. As Low Jeremy said, Despite being a viable alternative to traditional classroom setting, there are still some people who feel that Homeschooling is not for everyone. Like many things, this new system of education has its disadvantages. From: The Different Cons of Homeschooling. Continuing to quote from the above source, I will list five disadvantages of homeschooling. 1. When you decide to put your kids to homeschooling, you have to be prepared to spend all day with your children for several days. With homeschooling, you have to be their teacher. You have to be there to supervise their lessons and even check on their progress. You also have to think of activities and make worksheets. This is why most parents would leave work to go fulltime in teaching their kids. 2. Deciding on homeschooling will mean that you have to go against the norm. Be prepared to be grilled by other parents. You should also be prepared to find some difficulties when you do decide to put your kid back to mainstream. Adjustment will be hard, as they will not be used to the environment that traditional education has. 3. Spending 24 hours of the day with your child and being their teacher is no joke. At the beginning, you really have to be patient with your child, as he or she will not always understand the lesson as fast or as easily as you want. Do not lose your temper because this will only make matters worst. Remember that it is just normal for your kid to be behind in some subjects or to take a longer time understanding lessons. 4. Most would think that a homeschooling education is cheaper. This is not the case. Although you are not paying for any tuition fee, you have to shell out money for the materials that you will be using. Also, a parent may need to quit his or her job to become a full-time teacher. This can pose a problem in the finances especially if both incomes are needed to make both ends meet. 5. Being a teacher is not an easy task. Not only will you have to patient with your child but you also have to put an enthusiastic appearance even when you are not really in the mood to teach them their lessons. It is important that you make the lesson appear fun and interesting for them so that they will be interested to learn. When they see you bored stiff, they will also follow suit, making your task of teaching them all the more difficult. As you see, the author gave this much thought. The cons of homeschooling are few, but they are things to consider when planning to homeschool your kid/teen. All in all from what I found, there are far more advantages to homeschooling your kid/teen then disadvantageous. From what I found on the Internet, there are well over fifty pros for homeschooling but oddly there are no more than ten cons for the same subject. Try homeschooling if you feel confident that you can overcome the cons, because if you try it out, I think you will be amazed on what your kid/teen learns and what you learn too. Al Research Papers on Homeschooling is AdvantageousStandardized TestingPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtLifes What IfsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Spring and AutumnGenetic EngineeringIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Review

'Adventures of Huckleberry Finn' Review Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one of the most celebrated novels in American literaturearguably the greatest novel in American literature. As such, the book is frequently  taught in high school English, college literature classes, American history classes, and every other opportunity teachers can find.   The justification usually cited is its commentary on the social institutions of slavery and discrimination; however, no less important is the aspect of the story that demonstrates one boys coming of age. Mark Twain ends The Adventures of Tom Sawyer with the cryptic statement: So endeth this chronicle. It being strictly the history of a boy, it must stop here; the story could not go much further without becoming the history of a man. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, on the other hand, contains much less of the perpetual jokes and scrapes of the first book. Instead, Huck is faced with the emotional growing pains of becoming a man in a morally flawed society. At the beginning of the novel, Huck lives with the Widow Douglas, who wants to sivilize Huck, as he puts it. Although he dislikes the restraints society puts on him (i.e. stiff clothing, education, and religion), he prefers it than going back to living with his drunken father. However, his father kidnaps him and locks him up in his house. Therefore, the first major chunk of the novel focuses on the abuse Huck experiences at the hands of his fatherabuse so bad that he must fake his own murder in order to escape alive. Escape to Freedom After staging his death and running away, Huck meets up with Jim, a runaway slave from the village. They decide to travel down the river together. Both of them are running away to gain their freedom: Jim from slavery, Huck from his fathers abuse and the Widow Douglass restrictive lifestyle (although Huck does not see it that way yet). For a major part of their journey together, Huck views Jim as property. Jim becomes a father figurethe first Huck ever had in his life. Jim teaches Huck right and wrong, and an emotional bond develops through the course of their journey down the river. By the last segment of the novel, Huck has learned to think like a man instead of a boy. This change is most poignantly demonstrated when we see the melodramatic prank that Tom Sawyer would have played with Jim (even though he knows that Jim is already a free man). Huck is genuinely concerned with Jims safety and well-being, whereas Tom is only interested in having an adventurewith complete disregard for Jims life or Hucks concern. Coming of Age Tom is still the same boy as the one in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, but Huck has become something more. Experiences that he has shared with Jim on their journey down the river have taught him about being a man. Although Adventures of Huckleberry Finn contains some very poignant critiques of slavery, discrimination, and society in general, it is also important as the story of Hucks journey from boyhood to manhood.

Police Ethics and Corruption Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Police Ethics and Corruption - Research Paper Example Police misconduct and indiscipline are a common phenomenon in the daily living of the police. Police should apply the integrity, which implies that when right decisions are made, the values of the society should be taken into consideration. However, the paradox is that conflicts within the set standards can lead to the so-called noble cause corruption. The police culture Police culture refers to the way of living of the police, the tasks they do, the hard work, and their relationship with their fellow officers. The police have a culture that emphasizes acting, not introspection (Pollock, 2011). In the local or international police training, the police engage in heart-felt tasks that are at times tearful. The kind of training that the police undergo totally demeans their human dignity, especially if there is a concomitant willingness to acknowledge the struggle for treatment with respect. These trainings the police undergo instill ethical conduct of a real police to them. Among the po lice, ethical standards and respect for human rights shape with time and place (Pollock, 2011). The police have influence and constrains from the broader ethical standards and expectations of the society. Therefore, they must be realistic on the limits of a human dignity-centered approach. Other factors leading to devilment of attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions that relate to the police culture reinforces their interactions. The general view of the police culture is negative. The police believe in the blue wall of silence which makes them free of being accountable of any misconduct. The professional codes of behavior or the ethical codes of the police intend to elicit the set of desired attitudes and responses to the members of the police department. The actions undertaken by the police remind us the expectation from them, that is, to provide a common vocabulary of difficult cases (Jetmore, 2005). The police reinforce and share values and militate against the adverse aspects of t heir occupation and influence. The police culture has adopted the general conduct of law enforcement. Policing the community Community policing promotes the organizational strategies, which support systemic partnership and problem solving techniques that address the immediate conditions like public safety issues, crime, disorders, and the fear of crime in the communities. The policing within the community aims to support the delivery of community confidence through personal and protective policing. It provides a strategy for future protection opportunities that build the foundations of security. The community policing reflects a collaborative efforts between the police and the community. It is founded in a close mutual benefit of the police and the community members. Generally, the community policing revolves around three factors, which are partnership between the police and the community, problem-solving methods that identify and address the concern of the community, and, lastly, t he change in the management in the police organization to accommodate the increased community involvement (Pollock, 2011). The community policing originates from the time when the citizens of the United States were themselves the police. However, this has transformed, and the police have taken these security provision roles. Value-based decision-making and the ethics of noble cause Police are the basic units of

Amazon.com Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Amazon.com - Essay Example Amazon advertises extensively on the internet to help raise awareness of their brand. Also, Amazon maintains high-speed growth introducing new products and services available online. Innovations and adaptation policies help to appeal to a particular target audience in diverse markets. The main weakness of Amazon is a negative image of online banking and financial transaction. Many customers do not buy products online afraid of fraudulent actions of companies. Undeveloped banking sector in less developed countries prevent the company from rapid international growth. The opportunities included: high potential to growth based on the technological change and increasing number of internet users. The choice of communications mix should be the most cost-effective solution for achieving the organization's communication objectives. Call centers and the Internet give online booksellers great opportunities to promote its services. Competition and possible legal changes is the major threat forAm azon (Amazon Home Page 2009). In his book "Competitive Advantage" Porter identifies five forces that drive competition within an industry (Johnson and Scholes 54). The threat of entry by new competitors is possible but they will create a real threat for Amazon. The intensity of rivalry among existing competitors has a great impact on Amazon facing with strong competition (Barnes & Noble and other small online companies). Thus, Amazon has positioned itself as a superstore. Pressure from substitute products will not have a great impact on Amazon's activity. Today, Amazon proposes a wide range of e-texts and CD-ROMs which can be regarded as substitute products. The bargaining power of buyers is crucial for Amazon. The aim of customers is to pay the lowest possible price to obtain books or other products that they require. The advantage of Amazon is that it purchase in such large quantities that its suppliers are dependent on the customers' business. The bargaining power of suppliers does not have a great impact on Amazon because most firms are highly differentiated and need an effective distribution channels for their products (Amazon Home Page 2009). For Amazon, the most successful of four growth stages was the Growth stage. This success can explained by a strong web culture and environment created by its team. In order to be effective Amazon is responsive to external environmental influences. Amazon operates within a dynamic environment and it requires a structure and culture that are sensitive and readily adaptable to change (Johnson and Scholes 55). Amazon's organizational climate influences the level of morale and attitudes which members of the organization bring to bear on their work performance and personal relationships. Also, strong web culture attracts millions of buyers to this store. Web culture is based on non-price competition and strong brand image (Amazon Home Page 2009). Amazon.com is a leading internet-based company operating on a global scale. Amazon.com becomes the first mover in the e-retailing market proposing a wide product range to diverse customer targets. E-business allows the company to connect customer service and good levels, increases customer satisfaction and decreases retention artistries. The main strategy is a virtual bookshop which helps the company to promote and sell its products to customers. Similar to traditional marketing, a virtual bookshop

Mary Shelley & Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelley Frankenstein Essay How do the themes explored by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein relate to a modern audience? The beginning of civilisation brought the evidential classification of people as insiders and outsiders in any close society, due to the narrow stereotypical minds of the masses and often the simplistic facts of life. People are separated from the rest of the community as a result of perhaps their physical appearance or a difference in their personality. Stereotypical idols in todays society are greatly influential; we are quick to identify faults in others and use this excuse to ostracise them from the world and ourselves. Mary Shelley embodies this outsider through the monster that Frankenstein creates. He is isolated and rejected by everyone, so we are made to empathise with him; human beings have a natural instinct to do this, so the text is universalised. Ironically, at times the monster is more humane than those who consider themselves human, those who consider themselves insiders, opposed to the monster- an outsider. This novel opens on a personal note, Shelley uses the device of letters as a hook to draw in the reader; an invasion of privacy universalises the thoughts on paper, like reading someone elses diary. This makes it easier for us to empathise to Captain Walton and subsequently Victor Frankenstein, who is very similar in many aspects to him. These two strong male characters are romanticised by Shelley make them easier to relate to in a modern audience, because they far more believable with multi- faceted personalities. They are romantic anti- heroes; their ambition intrigues us and we are able to identify with them and their achievements. The letters are deliberately left without an exact date, so as to not only create a sense of mystery but to also ensure that the story isnt concreted to a specific era, as it relates more to society as a whole rather than a period of time. Shelley uses a high diction style of writing, which is littered with emotive adjectives to prevent it becoming stagnated and boring for the audience. The information is given to us little at a time to arouse our curiosity and make us read further into the book, where crescendos are commonly used after a more mundane part of the story, so the excitement peaks and falls throughout. An example of this is when the monster is first sighted in letter 4 where there is a dramatic climax before he disappears from view, leaving the audience in doubt of what will happen next. A prominent theme in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein is one of an idealistic world. Victor idealises his family, like a fairytale, too good to be true in reality, which it seems he wants to escape as he knows his family are far from perfect, and a good example of this is portrayed in the quote; There was a considerable difference between ages of my parents, but this circumstance seemed to unite them closer in the bonds of devoted affection. (Ch1, pg33, line7)

Sexuality in Aubrey Beardsleys Story of Venus and Tannhäuser Essay

Sexuality in Aubrey Beardsley's Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user Aubrey Beardsley wrote The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user during the fin de sià ¨cle, the end of the Victorian Era. This decadent work, following Baudelaire's credo "art for art's sake first of all," portrays sex and sexualities in a playful manner. In addition to mocking conventional Victorian moral codes, and parodying pornographic conventions, The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user also supports Foucault's idea that the Victorian Era witnessed a diffusion of sexualities. The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user was originally toned down and modified for publication in 1897 in The Savoy, a magazine that Beardsley served as art editor, under the title of Under The Hill. According to Stanley Weintraub, Venus and Tannhà ¤user was "the literally undisciplined and Rabelaisian original. But the longer manuscript's [Venus'] first eight chapters had sufficed for only four refashioned chapters of the purified and playfully footnoted Savoy text [Under the Hill]" (168). Venus and Tannhà ¤user is a decadent work, though the term "decadent" is difficult to define. As Elaine Showalter notes, the term had antithetical connotations at the end of the century. On the one hand, it was "the pejorative label applied by the bourgeoisie to everything that seemed unnatural" (169). But artists who embraced decadence as an aesthetic credo " . . .rejected all that was natural and biological in favor of the inner life of art, artifice, sensation and imagination" (170). Heather Henderson and William Sharpe note that these opposing connotations are typically combined in standard definitions of the term, since "In most cases the word [decadent] suggested an ultra-refined sophistication of taste allied wit... ...ory of Venus and Tannhà ¤user." Aesthetes and Decadents of the 1890's: An Anthology of British Poetry and Prose. Ed. Karl Beckson. Chicago: Academy, 1981. 9-46. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. Vol 1. New York: Vintage, 1978. Gillette, Paul J. Introduction. The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user. By Aubrey Beardsley. New York: Award, 1967. 21-67. Henderson, Heather, and William Sharpe. "Aestheticism, Decadence, and the Fin de Sià ¨cle." The Longman Anthology of British Literature: The Victorian Age. Ed. Heather Henderson and William Sharpe. New York: Longman, 1999. 1936-1938. Showalter, Elaine. Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Sià ¨cle. New York: Penguin, 1990. Weintraub, Stanley. Beardsley: A Biography. New York: Braziller, 1967. Zatlin, Linda G. "Beardsley Redresses Venus." Victorian Poetry 28.3-4 (1990): 111-124. Sexuality in Aubrey Beardsley's Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user Essay Sexuality in Aubrey Beardsley's Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user Aubrey Beardsley wrote The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user during the fin de sià ¨cle, the end of the Victorian Era. This decadent work, following Baudelaire's credo "art for art's sake first of all," portrays sex and sexualities in a playful manner. In addition to mocking conventional Victorian moral codes, and parodying pornographic conventions, The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user also supports Foucault's idea that the Victorian Era witnessed a diffusion of sexualities. The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user was originally toned down and modified for publication in 1897 in The Savoy, a magazine that Beardsley served as art editor, under the title of Under The Hill. According to Stanley Weintraub, Venus and Tannhà ¤user was "the literally undisciplined and Rabelaisian original. But the longer manuscript's [Venus'] first eight chapters had sufficed for only four refashioned chapters of the purified and playfully footnoted Savoy text [Under the Hill]" (168). Venus and Tannhà ¤user is a decadent work, though the term "decadent" is difficult to define. As Elaine Showalter notes, the term had antithetical connotations at the end of the century. On the one hand, it was "the pejorative label applied by the bourgeoisie to everything that seemed unnatural" (169). But artists who embraced decadence as an aesthetic credo " . . .rejected all that was natural and biological in favor of the inner life of art, artifice, sensation and imagination" (170). Heather Henderson and William Sharpe note that these opposing connotations are typically combined in standard definitions of the term, since "In most cases the word [decadent] suggested an ultra-refined sophistication of taste allied wit... ...ory of Venus and Tannhà ¤user." Aesthetes and Decadents of the 1890's: An Anthology of British Poetry and Prose. Ed. Karl Beckson. Chicago: Academy, 1981. 9-46. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. Vol 1. New York: Vintage, 1978. Gillette, Paul J. Introduction. The Story of Venus and Tannhà ¤user. By Aubrey Beardsley. New York: Award, 1967. 21-67. Henderson, Heather, and William Sharpe. "Aestheticism, Decadence, and the Fin de Sià ¨cle." The Longman Anthology of British Literature: The Victorian Age. Ed. Heather Henderson and William Sharpe. New York: Longman, 1999. 1936-1938. Showalter, Elaine. Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Sià ¨cle. New York: Penguin, 1990. Weintraub, Stanley. Beardsley: A Biography. New York: Braziller, 1967. Zatlin, Linda G. "Beardsley Redresses Venus." Victorian Poetry 28.3-4 (1990): 111-124.

Job Rotation: Advantages and Disadvantages

1. Helps Managers Explore the Hidden Talent: Job Rotation is designed to expose employees to a wider range of operations in order to assist managers in exploring their hidden talent. In the process, they are moved through a variety of assignments so that they can gain awareness about the actual working style of the organization and understand the problems that crop up at every stage. Through this process, managers identify what a particular employee is good at and accordingly he or she is assigned a specific task. 2. Helps Individuals Explore Their Interests: Sometimes, employees are not aware of what would like to do until they have their hands on some specific job. If their job is rotated or they are exposed to different operations, they can identify what they are good at and what they enjoy doing. They get a chance to explore their interests and hidden potential. 3. Identifies Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes: Job Rotation helps managers as well as individuals identify their KSA (K nowledge, Skills and Attitudes). It can be used in determining who needs to improve or upgrade his or skills in order to perform better. This helps in analyzing training and development needs of employees so that they can produce more output. 4. Motivates Employees to Deal with New Challenges: When employees are exposed to different jobs or assigned new tasks, they try to give their best while effectively dealing with the challenges coming their way. It encourages them to perform better at every stage and prove that they are no less than others. This gives rise to a healthy competition within the organization where everyone wants to perform better than others. . Increases Satisfaction and Decreases Attrition Rate: Exposing employees to different tasks and functions increase their satisfaction level. Job variation reduces the boredom of doing same task everyday. Moreover, it decreases attrition rate of the organization. Employees develop a sense of belongingness towards the organization and stick to it till long. 6. Helps Align Competencies with Requirements: Alignment of competencies with requirements means directing the resources when and where they are required. It assesses the employees and places them at a place where their skills, competencies and caliber are used to the highest possible extent. Advantages(http://smallbusiness. chron. com/advantages-disadvantages-employee-r otation-18994. html) 1. Depth In its â€Å"Job Rotation Makes You a More Valuable Employee† article, temporary staffing industry founder Kelly Services points out that job rotation provides the employer greater depth at positions across the company. By moving employees around, the company develops more workers with skills in each area. If an employee requires a leave of absence, goes on vacation or needs a day off, it's good to have several capable replacements to step in and take on the work. 2. Employee Development With job rotation in place, employees can move around and avoid falling into a rut in one position. Over time, employees develop more skills in a wider array of positions. This provides job stability and equips them for better opportunities to earn promotions. All of these advantages, and better overall development, makes employees more valuable to their employers. 3. Employee Resistance. Job rotation is sometimes met with resistance from employees in certain situations. Experienced employees who are comfortable in their positions are often reluctant to rotate into other spots. Dan MacLeod and Eric Kennedy also noted in their publication, â€Å"Job Rotation System Report to XYZ Co. ,† that employees who use equipment and materials in their daily work have a hard time giving up their materials to others rotating in. 4. Training A job rotation strategy comes with costs. When you move employees into multiple positions, you must invest time and money into training the workers in all those positions. This not only includes costs for the employees who are rotating, but also the time of the managers and others who must train the employees in each area. A related concern is that some employees aren't good fits in certain positions within the company, regardless of the training program's effectiveness. Disadvantages Frequent interruption Job rotation results in frequent interruption of work. A person who is doing a particular job and get it comfortable suddenly finds himself shifted to another job or department. This interrupts the work in both the departments Reduces uniformity in quality. Quality of work done by a trained worker is different from that of a new worker . when a new worker I shifted or rotated in the department, he takes time to learn the new job, makes mistakes in the process and affects the quality of the job. Misunderstanding with the union member Sometimes job rotation may lead to misunderstanding with members of the union. The union might think that employees are being harassed and more work is being taken from them. In reality this is not the case. Experienced workers not wanting to learn new types of work.

Research Methods Db 2

Group Discussion Board Forum 1 – Part 1 1. Ch. 1 Q. 8  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ As area sales manager for a company manufacturing and marketing outboard engines, you have been assigned the responsibility of conducting a research study to estimate the sales potential of your products in the domestic (U. S. or Canadian) market. Discuss key issues and concerns arising from the fact that you, the manager, are also the researcher. A very important aspect of good research is for the researcher’s experience to be reflected (P. 17). The research has a greater chance of being successful if the researcher is experienced.Thus, as a manager the research process might be bias to the manager’s perception of the problem compared to the research problem. The inexperience as researcher will make it difficult to perform both roles effectively. Additionally, the manager might only analyze secondary data to obtain answers and rely on it for decision making. 2. Ch. 1 Q. 10- Apply the principles in Exhibit 1-4 to the research scenario in question 8. In order to apply the principles from Exhibit 1-4 to the scenario in question 8 we need to use the scientific method. a.Purpose clearly defined: The research study must present an estimate of the sales and marketing of the outbound engines in the market for the U. S and Canada. b. Research process detailed: First, the researcher presents a proposal and budget for approval. Then, the researcher presents weekly reports related to the progress of the research and also provides an estimated timeframe for completion. c. Research design thoroughly planned: The procedures are outlined. Once primary and secondary data is collected it needs to be analyzed for interpretation. d.Limitations frankly revealed: interpreted data about the size market for the outbound engine is compared to the desired procedure. e. Management Decision: The manager is presented with the information for decision making, after it has been analyzed, interpreted and c ompared. 3. Ch. 3 Q. 6- You observe the following condition: â€Å"Our female sales representatives have lower customer defections than do our male sales representatives. † a. Propose the concepts and constructs you might use to study this phenomenon. My proposal for the concepts is female sales representatives and male sales representatives.I would use customer defection as the construct for the research. b. How might any of these concepts and/or constructs be related to explanatory hypotheses? According to explanatory (casual) hypotheses, the independent variable needs to be the reason for the existence of the dependent variable (p73). Therefore, the skills of both male and female representatives are taken under consideration in this scenario. An example of this is that female sales representatives are naturally more skillful with establishing and maintaining relationships (IV), allowing them to have this advantage and have less customer defection (DV). . Ch. 3 Q. 8-  Ide ntify and classify all the variables in the Army’s dud shell research. I identify three variables (p. 62 & 67): 1. The dud shell as the independent variable because it can be manipulated 2. The exploding shell as the independent variable because is the one being monitored and 3. The people coming into contact with it as intervening variables because civilians were cracking the bombs open to obtain copper. 5. Ch. 4 Q. 4-  Confronted by low productivity, the president of Oaks International, Inc. asks a research company to study job satisfaction in the corporation.What are some of the important reasons that this research project may fail to make an adequate contribution to the solution of management problems? The low productivity in Oaks International Inc. presents a management dilemma to the president. The president has related this issue to the job satisfaction of the employees. Therefore, the management has decided to study job satisfaction only as the cause of low producti vity. Even though, this in fact has some influence in the productivity of employees, the study is already bias because all other factors of influence are being excluded.There may be other factors to consider that may be affecting low productivity such as machinery and equipment, technology, management, etc. This will eventually become a waste of time and resources if the results prove that job satisfaction is not the main cause of low productivity. Consequently, the management dilemma will not be resolved and more time and resources will need to be invested to find the real cause. 6. Ch. 4 Q. 5-  Based on an analysis of the last six months’ sales, your boss notices that sales of beef products are declining in your chain’s restaurants.As beef entree sales decline, so do profits. Fearing beef sales have declined due to several newspaper stories reporting E. coli contamination discovered at area grocery stores, he suggests a survey of area restaurants to see if the situ ation is pervasive. a. What do you think of this research suggestion? I think the research suggestion will be beneficial because it will reveal if the decline in consumption of beef as an entree is in fact caused by the concern of the E. coli. This survey will also allow comparing the competition and discovering their strategies or suggestions on how to survive this crisis.I also believe that the restaurant can introduce some new entrees that contain fish, chicken and even duck as an alternative to increase their sales and profits. b. How, if at all, could you improve on your boss’s formulation of the research question? I believe the study should include both external and internal factor. The survey to competitors would be considered an external factor, but including the customers, the preparation and presentation of their beef entrees can be considered internal factors.It has already been established that the people are already alarmed due to the several stories in the newsp apers about the E. coli. However, the restaurant can ask these frequent customers about their perception about the incident and even accept suggestions from them. This will allow the restaurant to get a clearer and direct answer to their dilemma. 7. Ch. 5 Q. 12- Develop the management-research question hierarchy (Exhibits 5-6 and 5-8), citing management dilemma, management question, and research question(s) for each of the following: a. he president of a home health care services firm. MD: The president receives many complains about the quality of health care services. MQ: What can be done in improve the quality of the health care services? RQ: Why are the services provided considered poor? In which specific areas of services do we get the most complains? What can be implemented or change to improve the services provided? b. The vice president of investor relations for an auto manufacturer. MD: The vice president experiences low productivity. MQ: What is causing low productivity?RQ: When did the company start to experience low productivity? Do we have up to date technology for production? How are the job conditions perceived by employees? c. The retail advertising manager of a major metropolitan newspaper. MD: The metropolitan newspaper is experiencing a decline in advertising sales. MQ: What can be done to increase the sales? RQ: Should the prices/rates for advertising in our newspaper be evaluated? When did sales start to decline? What methods can be implemented to increase the sales and attract more customers to advertise with newspaper? . The chief of police in a major city. MD: The chief of police has received several reports of increased crime in the city. MQ: What can be done to reduce crime in the city? RQ: Where are the majority of reports coming from? Which areas are being more affected? What group of people is the one being affected the most? What types of crimes have increased? How can we prepare and equip police officers to monitor these crimes an d areas? This is to be completed by 11:59 p. m. (ET) on Sunday.

How to Spot and Deal with Horrible Bosses

How to Spot and Deal with Horrible Bosses Even if you’re happy with your position and your place of work, having problems with your boss can really make your life miserable. Some bosses just have a bad work ethic or unreasonable expectations of you. The most awful ones might have hair-trigger tempers, be cruel and demeaning, or even worse. Looking out for the warning signs that you might have one of these horrible bosses may help you deal with or even slip out of a bad situation before it’s too late. 1. Remain on alert during the interview.The ideal way to deal with a bad boss is to never work for him or her in the first place. This requires you to pay attention to red flags during your job interview. Potential bosses reveal much about their personalities during interviews- even though you’re the one who’s being questioned. If she arrives to the interview late, spends more time staring at his phone than engaging with you, or is unprepared or insulting, you can expect a lot of the same behavior on the job. Some workers have no problem dealing with such unprofessionalism, but if you don’t want to deal with it, say â€Å"thanks, but no thanks† to this job opportunity.2.  Look out for issues on the job.Some issues won’t arise until you’re actually working with your boss. These problems may involve a boss who is never there when you need him or one who’s constantly breathing down your neck. He may have problems with dishonesty, which can even involve taking credit for your work. She may expect you to work late, and in worst-case scenarios, only let you know this when you already have one foot out the door. He may not be willing to admit to his mistakes and might even throw you under the bus to deflect blame from himself.One or two of these issues is almost to be expected- after all, bosses are fallible humans as we all are. But when issue piles upon issue, it might be time to seek employment with a boss who isn’t so horrible.3. Believe it when you see impossible-to-miss issues.Sometimes bad boss behavior can be pretty subtle. Other times, it’s more like a slap in the face. Racist, sexist, homophobic, or otherwise offensive behavior from a boss is impossible to ignore and a clear sign that your boss is utterly horrible. There is no reason you should have to deal with such behavior- you do not have to be a trooper and keep your mouth shut if you are being mistreated. Filing a complaint with HR is definitely in order under such circumstances. Bosses who are verbally or physically abusive or invade your personal space or sexually harass you should be reported to HR, OSHA, or even the police.4. Listen to your body.Your boss’s horribleness is not just detectable in his or her behavior. Your own body may also send you a warning. Does the idea of having to deal with her another day put a knot in your stomach or an ache in your skull? Are you losing sleep because you cannot stop thinking about how your boss c hews you out every day? Does your heart pound as you walk into the office because you know your boss is either lying in wait for you or off who-knows-where while you’re left to deal with everything? Well, then your body may be sending you a clear message: get out- your boss is horrible.

Culture-History, Social Evolution, and Archaeology

Culture-History, Social Evolution, and Archaeology The culture-historical method (sometimes called the  cultural-historical method or culture-historical approach or theory) was a way of conducting anthropological and archaeological research that was prevalent among western scholars between about 1910 and 1960. The underlying premise of the culture-historical approach was that the main reason to do archaeology or anthropology at all was to build timelines of major occurrences and cultural changes in the past for groups that did not have written records. The culture-historical method was developed out of the theories of historians and anthropologists, to some degree to help archaeologists organize and comprehend the vast amount of archaeological data that had been and was still being collected in the 19th and early 20th centuries by antiquarians. As an aside, that hasnt changed, in fact, with the availability of power computing and scientific advances such as archaeo-chemistry (DNA, stable isotopes, plant residues), the amount of archaeological data has mushroomed. Its hugeness and complexity today still drives the development of archaeological theory to grapple with it. Among their writings redefining archaeology in the 1950s, American archaeologists Phillip Phillips and Gordon R. Willey (1953) provided a good metaphor for us to understand the faulty mindset of archaeology in the first half of the 20th century. They said that the culture-historical archaeologists were of the opinion that the past was rather like an enormous jigsaw puzzle, that there was a pre-existing but unknown universe which could be discerned if you collected enough pieces and fitted them together. Unfortunately, the intervening decades have resoundingly shown us that the archaeological universe is in no way that tidy. Kulturkreis and Social Evolution The culture-historical approach is based on the Kulturkreis movement, an idea developed in Germany and Austria in the late 1800s. Kulturkreis is sometimes spelled Kulturkreise and transliterated as culture circle, but means in English something along the lines of cultural complex. That school of thought was generated primarily by German historians and ethnographers  Fritz Graebner and Bernhard Ankermann. In particular, Graebner had been a medieval historian as a student, and as an ethnographer, he thought it should be possible to build historical sequences like those available for medievalists for regions that did not have written sources. To be able to build cultural histories of regions for people with little or no written records, scholars tapped into the notion of unilinear social evolution, based in part on the ideas of American anthropologists Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tyler, and German social philosopher Karl Marx. The idea (long ago debunked) was that cultures progressed along a series of more or less fixed steps: savagery, barbarism, and civilization. If you studied a particular region appropriately, the theory went, you could track how the people of that region had developed (or not) through those three stages, and thus classify ancient and modern societies by where they were in the process of becoming civilized. Invention, Diffusion, Migration Three primary processes were seen as the drivers of social evolution: invention, transforming a new idea into innovations; diffusion, the process of transmitting those inventions from culture to culture; and migration, the actual movement of people from one region to another. Ideas (such as agriculture or metallurgy) might have been invented in one area and moved into adjacent areas through diffusion (perhaps along trade networks) or by migration. At the end of the 19th century, there was a wild assertion of what is now considered hyper-diffusion, that all of the innovative ideas of antiquity (farming, metallurgy, building monumental architecture) arose in Egypt and spread outward, a theory thoroughly debunked by the early 1900s. Kulturkreis never argued that all things came from Egypt, but the researchers did believe there was a limited number of centers responsible for the origin of ideas which drove the social evolutionary progress. That too has been proven false. Boas and Childe The archaeologists at the heart of the adoption of the culture-historical approach in archaeology were Franz Boas and Vere Gordon Childe. Boas argued that you could get at the culture-history of a pre-literate society by using detailed comparisons of such things as artifact assemblages, settlement patterns, and art styles. Comparing those things would allow archaeologists to identify similarities and differences and to develop the cultural histories of major and minor regions of interest at the time. Childe took the comparative method to its ultimate limits, modeling the process of the inventions of agriculture and metal-working from eastern Asia and their diffusion throughout the Near East and eventually Europe. His astoundingly broad-sweeping research led later scholars to go beyond the culture-historical approaches, a step Childe did not live to see. Archaeology and Nationalism: Why We Moved On The culture-historical approach did produce a framework, a starting point on which future generations of archaeologists could build, and in many cases, deconstruct and rebuild. But, the culture-historical approach has many limitations. We now recognize that evolution of any kind is never linear, but rather bushy, with many different steps forward and backward, failures and successes that are part and parcel of all human society. And frankly, the height of civilization identified by researchers in the late 19th century is by todays standards shockingly moronic: civilization was that which is experienced by white, European, wealthy, educated males. But more painful than that, the culture-historical approach feeds directly into nationalism and racism. By developing linear regional histories, tying them to modern ethnic groups, and classifying the groups on the basis of how far along the linear social evolutionary scale they had reached, archaeological research fed the beast of Hitlers master race and justified the imperialism and forcible colonization by Europe of the rest of the world. Any society that hadnt reached the pinnacle of civilization was by definition savage or barbaric, a jaw-droppingly idiotic idea. We know better now. Sources Eiseley LC. 1940. Review of The Culture Historical Method of Ethnology, by Wilhelm Schmidt, Clyde Kluchhohn and S. A. Sieber. American Sociological Review 5(2):282-284.Heine-Geldern R. 1964. One Hundred Years of Ethnological Theory in the German-Speaking Countries: Some Milestones. Current Anthropology 5(5):407-418.Kohl PL. 1998. Nationalism and Archaeology: On the Constructions of Nations and the Reconstructions of the Remote past. Annual Review of Anthropology 27:223-246.Michaels GH. 1996. Culture historical theory. In: Fagan BM, editor. The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. New York: Oxford University Press. p 162.Phillips P, and Willey GR. 1953. Method and Theory in American Archeology: An Operational Basis for Culture-Historical Integration. American Anthropologist 55(5):615-633.Trigger BG. 1984. Alternative Archaeologies: Nationalist, Colonialist, Imperialist. Man 19(3):355-370.Willey GR, and Phillips P. 1955. Method and theory in American archaeology II: Historical-Developmenta l interpretation. American Anthropologist 57:722-819.

Ninth world by Jewell Parker Rhodes book question Essay

Ninth world by Jewell Parker Rhodes book question - Essay Example Moreover, despite not related by blood, Mama Ya-Ya had a incredibly strong love with the young Lanesha. However, despite having outstanding similarities, Jewell Parker Rhodes the author of the ninth world has demonstrated considerable level of differences between young Lanesha late mother and Mama Ya-Ya. The essay below will compare and contrasts the relationship between Mama Ya-Ya and the death mother. Similarities Both the death mother and Mama Ya-Ya had a strong affection on Lanesha. The death mother took great care of Lanesha for nine month until her demise in the delivery process. Similar to Mama Ya-Ya, the death mother hoped for a better future to the new born. She had a great plan to ensure the young girl prosper in her life. However, death could not have allowed her to take care of the new born. Lanesha admits that, she could have died at her tender were it not for the good care of Mama Ya-Ya. According to Lanesha, Mama Ya-Ya sliced the bloody membrane that covered her face d uring birth. Moreover, Mama Ya-Ya took good care of the child until her adult age. In some instances, Lanesha asserted that â€Å"I would have died, too, if Mama Ya-Ya had not sliced the bloody membrane from my face† (Rhodes 12). ... Mama Ya-Ya asserted that, the death mother used to narrate to her stories on past phenomena like earthquake and droughts. Just like the death mother, Mama Ya-Ya talked about past occurrences. It is also through Mama Ya-Ya that Lanesha understand the reality that, she was born with skin netting that covered her face. Moreover, Lanesha explains that, in every year’s birthday Mama Ya-Ya told her about the situation that surrounded her birth. According to Mama Ya-Ya â€Å"Lanesha, your eyes were the lightest green, with the tiniest specks of yellow. I knew you would have the sight. † (Rhodes 17) Differences Contrary to the death mother, Mama Ya-Ya was in a position of predicting future incidences. The same spiritual power was as well transferred to Lanesha. Lanesha held the spiritual ability of interacting with the spirits of deaths while Mama Ya-Ya predicted the coming of Hurricane Katrina and its impacts. As stated in the novel, â€Å"Lanesha can see the spirits of the d ead, and Mama Ya-Ya is a midwife, able to predict the future† (Rhodes 67). However, the death mother lacked the spiritual power of predicting future occurrences. The death mother was also not linked to spirits of the deaths. Despite presences all indicators in her delivery, the death mother could not envisage her death. In addition, although Lanesha intended to rely on her mother spirits to predict the future, the spirit of the death mother lacked the ability to forecast the occurrence of Hurricane Katrina. The death mother was composed and had independent minded traits. She lacked direct and strong connection with other people in the society including her relatives and friend. Despite being too friendly and lively to her family, the death mother

Business Organisations and the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Organisations and the Law - Essay Example Principally, UK company law is ruled by the Companies Act of 2006, the Insolvency Act 1986, the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 and the old Companies Act 1985. A limited company can be registered in England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Australia. Registration of business firms in Great Britain is done through Companies House while the registration of companies in Northern Ireland is through the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (Davies 2008; Companies Act 2006; Sealy and Worthington 2007). 1. Private company limited by shares - this type of business organization has a share capital and the accountability of each member is restricted to the amount not paid on shares that a member holds; this type of private company cannot sell its shares to the general public 2. Private company limited by guarantee - here, a member does not throw in any amount as a contribution to the capital during its lifetime as it does not purchase shares. The member's liability is limited to the amount that he/she has agreed to contribute to the company's assets if it decides to wind up its activities 3. 3. Private unlimited company - this form of business organisation may or may not have a share capital and there is no limit to its members' liability and since there are no limitations on members' liability, the company can disclose less information compared to other types of companies 4. Public limited company - this kind of group has a share capital and the liability of every member is limited to the amount unpaid on shares that a member holds; it can also offer its shares for sale to the general public and likewise can be quoted on the stock exchange. Administrative Receivership In the United Kingdom, administrative receivership10 is a process whereby a creditor can enforce security against a business firm's assets endeavoring to gain settlement or compensation of the secured debt. Previously, it was the most accepted scheme of enforcement by secured creditors, however, recent governmental restructuring and legal developments in several jurisdictions have significantly diminished its importance in specific nations11. Administrative receivership diverges from simple receivership in that an administrative receiver is assigned over all of the assets and tasks of the business firm. This signifies that an administrative receiver can, as a rule, only be assigned by the holder of a floating charge. Because of this remarkable responsibility, bankruptcy/insolvency legislation more often than not endows broader powers to administrative receivers and likewise also have power over the exercise of those powers in an effort to take the edge off potential prejudice to unsecured creditors. Normally, an administrative receiver is an accountant with substantial knowledge, familiarity and understanding regarding insolvency matters. Current Implication As it is, administrative receivership is a significant component of contemporary insolvency practice. Today, business firms that plunge into financial complexities may well have security packages that were created prior to the 15th of September 2003, a circumstance

HCM427-0801A-01 Human Resource Management in Health Care - Phase 4 Essay

HCM427-0801A-01 Human Resource Management in Health Care - Phase 4 Individual Project - Essay Example The checklist includes passport type photograph, payment of nonrefundable fee of $100.00, Criminal History Background Check, official transcript of records and NBCOT. Aside from this, the applicant for occupational therapy should have completed 24 weeks of supervisory role while 12 weeks are required for occupational therapy assistants. Physical therapy aims to improve a person’s productivity and usefulness in spite of any physical dysfunction. On a personal note, physical therapy is beneficial for people who underwent surgery, stroke or any other medical disorders and would want to be able to do their activities of daily living with minimal supervision and maximum adaptation to their current condition. The requirements for licensure are similar to the requirements in Occupational Therapy namely payment of application fees, submission of official transcript of records, completed application form, Criminal History Background Check and licensure examinations. To apply for licensure it is necessary to pass documentations such as an endorsement letter written by New Jersey Board of Nursing, payment of application fee worth $75 and licensing fee of $65 and submission of licensure verification from the state or country where he or she is currently licensed. Application for license to work as a dentist in New Jersey, official transcript of records must be submitted to American Dental Association as well as CHBC wherein the results may take awhile. It is highly advisable to starting securing these permits and records first. There are two fees to be paid, application fee of $125 and a registration fee later

Should Alternative Dispute Resolution be Made Compulsory?

Should Alternative Dispute Resolution be Made Compulsory? Introduction. It is a sad fact of life that disputes can and do arise from even the most trivial incidents and activities. They are always totally unexpected and usually highly predictable.[1] For a long time, people have been worried about civil litigation. It is costly, time consuming, worrying and takes a long time to decide.[2] Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is a term which refers to various procedures developed in the United States over the last 15 years or so in an attempt to overcome some of the weaknesses in the litigation and arbitration processes.[3] This essay will look at Alternative Dispute Resolution in England. I will start by looking at the concept of Alternative dispute resolution. I will briefly examine Lord Phillip’s speech delivered in India on 29 March 2008. Finally, I will give my views on whether Alternative Dispute Resolution should be made compulsory in England and the problems that would be encountered if Alternative Dispute Resolution is made compulsory in England. Alternative Dispute Resolution A focus on rights has played a significant part in the transformation of Western political culture from the harmony ideology of feudal societies in to 20th century participatory democracy. However, 30 years on from the birth of the civil rights movement in the United States, there are those who now express scepticism over the achievements of a rights oriented public culture.[4] As a consequence, some now propose a rethinking of rights ideology, as both a method of dispute resolution and a definition of social relations, and the development of alternative process for dealing with conflicts and claims.[5] Such strategies are generally described as offering alternatives, since adjudication according to rights remains the formal approach to dispute resolution in the west.[6] In common law jurisdictions, conversation about alternatives to litigation began to take institutional shape from the early 1980’s, in a range of disparate experimental procedures sharing the common label ‘Alternative Dispute Resolution’, with its universal acronym ADR.[7] The relationship of this growing complex of practices to lawyer negotiations, litigation and adjudication is far from straight forward. Some of the innovations taking place are directed towards speedy settlement of disputes between litigants without the involvement of lawyers, others appear to be implicated in, and are indeed extensions of legal practice, while others appear as supplements to, or modifications of court process.[8] The English Legal System is based on the adversarial system of litigation. This means that both sides to a case separately prepare their respective submissions and then arrive at court and participate in a quasi-gladiatorial contest until the tribunal of fact (in civil trials this usually being a judge) pronounces the winner.[9] In recent times, there is now been an acceptance that alternatives to the adversarial system of justice may be appropriate due to the high cost involved in the adversarial system of justice. One of the easiest alternatives to implement is to encourage disputes to be resolved other than by recourse to litigation. This has led to the establishment of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).[10] Since 1990, many British lawyers, have taken an active interest in ADR, as a means of avoiding the public and private expense and the private pain of litigation.[11] The increased importance of ADR mechanisms has been signalled in both legislation and court procedures. For example the Commercial Court issued a practice statement in 1993, stating that it wished to encourage ADR, and followed this in 1996 with a further direction allowing judges to consider whether a case is suitable for ADR at its outset, and to invite the parties to attempt a neutral non-court settlement of their dispute.[12] In cases in the Court of Appeal, the Master of the Rolls now writes to the parties, urging them to consider ADR and asking them for their reasons for declining to use it. Rule 26.4 of the Civil Procedure rules (CPR) 1998 enables judges, either on their own account or at the agreement of both parties, to stop court proceedings where they consider the dispute to be best suited to solution by some alternative procedure, such as arbitration or mediation.[13] There is no universally accepted definition of ADR. The phrase ADR encompasses a range of procedures other than litigation which are designed to resolve conflicts. ADR processes include negotiation, mediation, conciliation, expert determination, adjudication, and arbitration.[14] Alternative Dispute Resolution or ADR may be defined, ‘’as a range of procedures that serve as alternatives to litigation through courts for the resolution of disputes, generally involving the intercession and assistance of a neutral and impartial third party. In some definitions, and more commonly it excludes all forms of adjudication.[15] The Department for Constitutional Affairs defines ADR as , ‘’ The collective term for the ways that parties can settle civil disputes, with the help of an independent third party and without the need for a formal court hearing.[16] There are three principle forms of ADR. Arbitration, Mediation and Conciliation. Some commentators argue that ADR can be divided in to two classes, those being adjudicative and consensual.[17] The former is called arbitration, and it is quite similar to court proceedings and this has led critics to ask, if there is anything alternative about ADR.[18] Four goals of ADR are : To relieve court congestion, as well as undue delay and cost; to enhance community involvement in the dispute resolution process; to facilitate access to justice and finally; to provide more effective dispute resolution.[19] Lord Phillip is a staunch supporter of Alternative Dispute Resolution. I believe that he wants ADR to be made compulsory in England Conclusion. Alternative Dispute Resolution no doubt has many advantages. There is a chance that you may quickly resolve your problem and you may be awarded compensation. The procedure is less formal court proceedings. In some cases, the decision may be binding on one of the parties, but not on the other party, thereby leaving one party free to pursue the matter through the court if he wishes. Alternative Dispute Resolution is usually much cheaper than going to court and the procedure is confidential. ADR will be difficult in disputes between more than two parties, where the parties have not already contracted for a consolidated arbitration and the parties will not agree to arbitration, going to court is potentially the only way of getting interlocking disputes resolved by the same tribunal.[20] A party that is proposing to enter a number of related contracts should particularly bear this situation at the drafting stage. There are two specific aspects to the matter. First, the related contracts should provide for an identical scheme of dispute resolution otherwise that party may find itself involves mediation or arbitration or litigation depending on which other party is involved.[21] Secondly, the drafting must address the need for multi party proceedings, and establish a back to back set of contractual obligations for this purpose. A difference in the powers at different levels will make the mufti-party proceeding very difficult to conduct.[22] If these two aspects of the matter are not addressed, the parties will be better off, with litigation as the fall back method of dispute resolution.[23] Where a number of actions raise substantially similar issues, such that a decision in one of them will probably enable the parties in the others to compromise their dispute, litigation is likely to be preferable[24]. Where there is a difficult question of interpretation of common form contract, or of the application of a common form of contract to some event which affects a large number of similar contracts or the operation of a market, it may well be preferable to obtain an authoritative ruing of the courts on the point.[25] In numerous jurisdictions, legislation ensures that in the case of a consumer dispute, where the terms upon which the consumer purchased the goods or services includes an arbitration clause, the consumer has a choice of whether to take his dispute to arbitration or litigation.[26] Bibliography Bevan, A.H (1992) Alternative Dispute Resolution, Sweet Maxwell, London Brown, H Marriott, A (1999) ADR Principles and Practice, Sweet Maxwell, London d’Ambrumenil, P.L (1998) What is Dispute Resolution, LLP Referencing Publishing, London Darbyshire, P (1992) English Legal System, Seventh Edition, Sweet Maxwell, London Elliot, C Quinn, F (2005) English Legal System, Sixth Edition, Pearson, Harlow Fiadjoe, A (2004) Alternative Dispute Resolution: A developing world perspective, Cavendish, London. Frank, E (2003) How Arbitration Works, Sixth Edition, Bureau of National Affairs, Washington D.C Freeman, M (ed.) (2006) Alternative Dispute Resolution, Dartmouth Publishing, Aldershot Gillespie, A (2007) The English Legal System, Oxford University Press, Oxford Lord, Phillips (2008) Alternative Dispute Resolution: An English View Point, can be assessed at http://innertemplelibrary.wordpress.com/2008/04/04/alternative-dispute-resolution-an-english-viewpoint-judiciary-of-england-and-wales/> MacFarlane, J, (ed.) (1997) Rethinking Disputes: The Mediation Alternative, Cavendish, London Palmer, M Roberts, S (1998) Dispute Processes, ADR and the Primary Forms of Decision Making, Butterworths, London Petley, M (1992) Alternative Dispute Resolution: An Introduction, College of Law, London Slapper, G Kelly, D (2003) The English Legal System, Cavendish, London Tweeddale, A and Tweeddale, K (2005) Arbitration of Commercial Disputes, Oxford University Press, Oxford Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (2003) Bernstein’s Handbook of Arbitration and Dispute Resolution, Sweet Maxwell, London 1 Footnotes [1] d’Ambrumenil, (1998) p.5 [2] Bevan (1992) p.2 [3] Bevan, (ibid) p.2 [4] MccFarlane, J (1997) p.1 [5] MccFarlane, J (ibid) p.2 [6] MccFarlane, J (ibid) p.2 [7] Palmer, M Roberts, S (1998) p.2 [8] Palmer, M Roberts, S (ibid) p.2 [9] Gillespie, A (2007) p.469 [10] Gillespie, A (ibid) p.470 [11] Darbyshire, P (1992) p.12 [12] Slapper, G Kelly, D (2003) p.314 [13] Slapper, G Kelly, D (ibid) p.314 [14] Tweeddale, A Tweeddale, K (2005) [15] Brown, H Marriott, A (1999) p.12 [16] citied in Gillespie, A (ibid) p.470 [17] Shipman, 2006 p.182 cited in Gillespie, A (ibid) p.470 [18] Boon and Levin, 1999, p.373 Gillespie, A (ibid) p.470 [19] Freeman, M (2006) p.98 [20] Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (2003)p.22 [21] Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (ibid)p.23 [22] Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (ibid)p.23 [23] Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (ibid)p.23 [24] Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (ibid)p.23 [25] Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (ibid)p.23-24 [26] Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (ibid)p.24